中国法学会关于菲律宾共和国单方面提起的南海仲裁案的声明

来源：微信公众号“中国法学会”  （2016年5月25日）

本文经微信公众号授权大案发布

　对于菲律宾单方面提起仲裁和菲律宾南海仲裁案仲裁庭无视基本事实，罔顾基本法理，严重违背公平正义和法治原则，强行推进仲裁案的行径，中国法学会代表中国法学界、法律界郑重声明如下：

　　中国法学会坚决支持中国政府不接受、不参与、不承认的一贯立场。无论是基于《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)的宗旨、原则和规定、国际社会公认的基本法理，还是基于基本的历史事实，菲律宾单方面提起仲裁和仲裁庭强行推进有关程序均是违法、无效的。

　　本案仲裁庭滥用职权，肆意扩大自身管辖范围。中菲在南海的有关争议根本不适用《公约》规定的仲裁程序，双方协议选择了通过谈判协商解决争议的方法，并排除了第三方程序。菲律宾所提起的事项不属于《公约》解释与适用的争端，本仲裁事项的实质是岛礁主权和海洋划界问题，海域划界、历史性海湾或所有权、军事和执法行动等方面的争端已被中国政府依据《公约》于2006年声明明确排除在仲裁庭管辖范围之外。仲裁庭却对此置若罔闻，视而不见。

　　《公约》旨在尊重国家主权的基础上建立海洋法律秩序，仲裁庭所作所为却严重背离了《公约》所确立的基本原则，无视中国在南海的主权和主权权利，无视菲律宾提起仲裁程序之前未履行双边谈判义务的事实，违反《公约》以谅解和合作的方式解决海洋法争端的精神;仲裁庭还对菲律宾和中国的立场采取双重标准，严重背离公平正义。

　　中国对南海诸岛的长期开发经营和主权管辖历来为周边国家所承认，已具有习惯国际法基础;中国根据《开罗宣言》、《波茨坦公告》等国际法文件确定的二战后国际法秩序安排，恢复了对南海有关岛礁及海域行使主权及其他合法权益，维护和巩固了二战以来南海区域的国际法秩序。

　　仲裁庭有意割裂海洋国际法秩序与整体国际法秩序的有机联系和统一性，是一种国际法治的倒退。仲裁庭完全不顾南海区域相关国家谈判解决争端的普遍愿望和《南海各方行为宣言》所确定的和平解决争端的进程，完全不顾中国和相关国家为解决南海有关争端问题所作的努力和达成的共识，执意作出错误裁决。该裁决不仅不能定分止争，而且进一步激化了矛盾，使争端解决更加复杂化，将破坏南海地区的和平与稳定。

　　我们认为，菲律宾和仲裁庭所作所为助长了某些国家搅乱南海局势、阻挡南海地区和平发展趋势的险恶用心，是以仲裁名义导演的反公正、反法治的政治闹剧，中国法学法律界予以严厉谴责。我们呼吁，国际社会正确认识该仲裁案的非法性和危害性，并促请有关国家回到依据国际法原则谈判解决南海有关争端的正确轨道上来。

我之南海——中国南海地图考

来源：中国法学会  （2016年5月25日）

本文经微信公众号授权大案发布

　　《大清万年一统地理全图》，为清代(1636-1911年)全国舆地总图，原图由清黄千人作于乾隆三十二年(1767年)，后经增补重印。图中蓝色为陆地及空白处，绿色表示水域。该图所示“万里长沙”、“万里石塘”系宋代(960-1279年)以后对南海诸岛的称呼。其中，“长沙”多指西沙群岛，“石塘”多指南沙群岛。

　　1935年4月，中国政府水陆地图审查委员会第二期会刊刊登了《中国南海各岛屿图》，最南端标绘在约北纬4度的曾母滩(今曾母暗沙)。

　　“自大潭过东海，用乾巽使到十二更……”这是《更路簿》中的一句话。“大潭”即琼海潭门港;“东海”为西沙海域;“乾巽”是航行角度;“更”指路程，每更约10海里。中国学者通过反复考证，发现早在秦汉时期，中国人民就已在南海航行和生产。而渔民世代传抄使用的《更路簿》，可追溯至明清时期。

　　《中学本国地理教科图》，由谭廉主编，经中国政府内政部及水陆地图审查委员会审核通过，于1936年由中华舆地学社首次出版发行。图中清晰地标示了西沙群岛、南沙群岛(今中沙群岛)和团沙群岛(今南沙群岛)，并指明南海诸岛归广东省管辖。

　　1946年中国政府内政部方域司绘制的《中华民国南海图·南海各岛屿》。

　　1947年中国政府内政部绘制的《南海诸岛位置图》。

　　1947年以接收军舰命名南海岛屿。

　　1947年3月，中国政府内政部向国防部、外交部等7个单位发布字第0379号公函，拟以接收军舰名称命名南海部分岛礁，西沙群岛“武德岛”更名为“永兴岛”，南沙群岛“长岛”更名为“太平岛”，以此纪念中国收复南海岛礁主权。

　　1946年10月23日，中国政府海军乘军舰从南京出发，赴南海接收诸岛之主权。

　　1946年中国政府海军收复西沙群岛纪念碑。

　　1952年亚光舆地学社出版的《中华人民共和国分省地图·南海各岛屿》。

　　1963年地图出版社出版《中国分省地图·南海诸岛》。

　　2012年，星球地图出版社出版的《中华人民共和国海南省三沙市地图》。

　　2012年中国地图出版社出版的《中华人民共和国全图》。

（以下是英文版）

　　China Law Society

　　A Statement on South China Sea Arbitration

　　Initiated by the Philippines

　　With regard to the unilateral initiation of the South China Sea arbitration by the Philippines and the arbitrary decision by the Arbitral Tribunal to hear the arbitration case in disregard of basic facts, the principles of fairness and rule of law, the China Law Society (CLS) hereby makes the following statement on behalf of the Chinese legal community.

　　CLS stands firmly by the consistent position of the Chinese Government of not accepting, participating in, or recognizing the aforementioned case. No matter judging by the purpose, principles and provisions provided for in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), or the basic principles of law generally acknowledged by the international community, or basic historical facts, it would all be illegal and invalid for the Philippines to unilaterally initiate the arbitration and for the Arbitral Tribunal to have pushed forward the relevant proceedings.

　　The Arbitral Tribunal abused its authority and willfully expanded the scope of its jurisdiction. The arbitration procedure under UNCLOS is not applicable to the relevant disputes between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea. The two sides had agreed to settle the disputes through negotiations and consultations, and therefore excluded any third-party procedure. The Philippines' submissions do not fall within the interpretation and application of UNCLOS and are in essence related to territorial sovereignty and maritime delimitation. Furthermore, the Chinese Government's declaration in year 2006 on optional exception has explicitly excluded disputes concerning maritime delimitation, historic bays or titles, as well as military and law enforcement activities from the dispute resolution procedures of UNCLOS. The Arbitral Tribunal, however, chose to ignore and turn a blind eye to all this.

　　In so-doing the Arbitral Tribunal has grossly deviated from the basic principles established by UNCLOS，which is to establish maritime legal order on the basis of respecting the sovereignty of the State Parties. It disregarded China's sovereignty and sovereign rights in the South China Sea, and glossed over the fact that the Philippines had failed to perform its legal obligations to hold bilateral consultation before initiating the arbitration procedure, running counter to the spirit of UNCLOS of settling maritime disputes through understanding and cooperation. The Tribunal also breached the principles of fairness and justice by applying double standards to the positions of the Philippines and China.

　　China's long history of development, management and jurisdiction in the South China Sea has long been recognized by neighboring countries, which has gained the status of customary international law. As part of the post-WWII international legal order underpinned by such international legal instruments as the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation, China resumed its exercise of sovereignty and restored its legal rights over the islands and reefs as well as waters of the South China Sea, which has contributed to the maintenance of such legal order in the South China Sea region.

　　The Arbitral Tribunal intentionally broke the intrinsic connection between the maritime international legal order and the general international legal order, which is a regression of international rule of law. The Arbitral Tribunal’s award completely disregards the general desire among relevant countries in the South China Sea region to settle disputes through dialogue, and the process of peaceful dispute settlement as established by the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC). It also defies the endeavor that China and relevant countries have made and the consensus they have reached to settle South China Sea disputes. The award, rather than contributing in any way to dispute resolution, will only further complicate the disputes, and damage peace and stability in the South China Sea.

　　The acts of the Philippines and of the Arbitral Tribunal, in our opinion, have emboldened the attempt in some quarters to create tension in the South China Sea and undercut the trend of peaceful development in this region. The arbitration is a political farce in the name of law. The Chinese legal community gravely deplores this. We call on the international community to recognize the illegal and harmful nature of the arbitration, and urge the relevant countries to come back to the right track of settling disputes through dialogue in accordance with the principles of international law.

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